Paul Singer: democracia, economia e autogestão – Editora Lutas Anticapital

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Of Dialects, Armies and Navies

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Languages, Dialects, Pidgins and Creoles BARRY PENNOCK-SPECK Published:  10.08.2011,  Updated:  04.03.2017  One of the greatest differences between a language and a dialect 1  in most people’s minds is that the former is bigger than the latter both with regard to the area it covers and the people who speak it. In other words, languages are perceived to include several dialects. On this view, the English language would include the varieties spoken in Edinburgh, Newcastle, New York, Atlanta, Sydney, Wellington, Jamaica, etc. Language and Dialect When we use the term  the English language , what normally comes to mind is  Standard English . Standard languages are seen to have greater prestige than a dialect. Part of this prestige is due to the fact that they have a written code while a dialect does not. So when we talk about German, French, Norwegian, Chinese, Russian, etc. we are actually referring to the standard versions of these languages. ...
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The 'hostages' that sailed with Darwin (By Jonathan Duffy and Megan Lane -BBC News Magazine)

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When the Beagle set sail from Plymouth for the south Atlantic in 1831, with Darwin in the charge of Captain Robert Fitzroy, it was also taking three young Patagonian Indians home after a bizarre social experiment. His charges - two of them still children - had spent the previous 15 months living on the outskirts of London, where they had been the subjects of what, viewed through modern eyes, seems like an astonishing act of imperialism. The trip back to the southern hemisphere was also a return journey for Fitzroy, who had originally been sent there, in charge of the Beagle, to survey this remote part of the globe for the British government. On that initial journey Fitzroy had taken four local "savages" from the southernmost tip of the continent, known as Tierra del Fuego, as retribution for the stealing of one of his whaling boats. DARWIN'S THOUGHTS Darwin's Voyage of the Beagle makes note of the Patagonian travellers He notes tha...
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The White Man's burden (Rudyard Kipling)

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Take up the White Man's burden — Send forth the best ye breed — Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild — Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. Take up the White Man's burden — In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain To seek another's profit, And work another's gain. Take up the White Man's burden — The savage wars of peace — Fill full the mouth of Famine And bid the sickness cease; And when your goal is nearest The end for others sought, Watch sloth and heathen Folly Bring all your hopes to nought. Take up the White Man's burden — No tawdry rule of kings, But toil of serf and sweeper — The tale of common things. The ports ye shall not enter, The roads ye shall not tread, Go make them with your livin...
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